Wheels of Words

Showing posts with label Wheel of Writing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Wheel of Writing. Show all posts

As a beginner, or even sometimes as an experience author, you might be unsure on how to approach a new project. At those times, it’s usually a good idea to get back to the basics. There are several options to refresh and brush up your writing skills. You could go to your favourite author’s blog and check out her advice for starting out, or join the National Novel Writing Month – affectionately called NaNoWriMo in the community – or you could sign up for a class.

I actually like to go with a combination of possibilities: I’m signed up to Writer’s Digest (http://www.writersdigest.com/) and get their newsletters which sometimes yields just the right amount of motivation to get me back on my writing horse, especially if given writing prompts. After all, practice makes perfect, so actually writing something is always a good start.

In November, I am usually in full writing mode, because the NaNoWriMo (http://www.nanowrimo.org/) challenges me to put 50,000 words to paper in a month. The goal in NaNoWriMo is neither structure nor form, but to build up discipline as a writer. After all, as a dedicated writer, you should write at least one to two hours a day. If you are stuck on your novel, then write in your journal, for your blog or start a short story. Anything goes as long as you employ your writing skills in a productive way. Since it is not November, or more specifically NaNoWriMo month, every month I usually set my own word count goals for the rest of the year. 

And finally to get my head back on straight concerning process and basics without having to pay a lot of money, I look for online courses on creative writing. One of my recent finds is the “Writing Creatively: Fiction” course offered by the Open University via iTunes U. It is free and features interviews with best-selling authors talking about their experiences and motivation as writers. It’s a great opportunity for new writers to get their feet wet and ideal for reflection for the experienced writer. I really enjoyed the course. 


On that note, I hope you are ready to jump into your next writing adventure ;)

-Vivienne
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Time to make a contribution to the Wheel of Writing, too! Vivienne has asked me to talk about corpora - a tool for writers, language learners and certainly those who want to explore language and its many facets.

The word corpus derives from Latin meaning 'body'. Quite simply, a corpus is a collection of texts of written or spoken language. They give information about how language works. There are many different kinds of corpora and therefore there are many different ways of how corpora are used. Some contain texts of a particular type such as academic articles or newspaper editorials etc. and one can investigate this particular type of language. Others are called learner corpora as they contain texts produced by language learners. They can be used – among other things – to find out how the language of learners differs from the language of native speakers and what problems learners encounter when leanring a language. This information can be used for instance to improve textbooks. 
 
Why should we use corpora? For non-natives, they can be useful to see how native speakers use language in a wide variety of text. For instance, corpora can be very useful to explore aspects such as collocation. Collocations are common word combinations or words that regularly occur together such as vitally important or painfully clear. There are different kinds of combinations: adjective + noun (regular exercise), verb + adverb (whisper softly), verb + noun (make progress) etc.. Native Speakers intuitively use the correct collocations, but for language learners collocations can be difficult to learn because “collocations rules” don't really exist. But collocations will make the language sound more natural, and corpora are one way of finding out about them. 
 
I want to introduce two online portals which I found very useful: The Corpus of Contemporary American English http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/ and the COCA-based website http://www.wordandphrase.info/

Freely available to everyone, the Corpus of Contemporary American English contains more than 425 million words of text (can be transcripts of conversations, novels, magazines, newspapers, academic article and many more). 
 
At the most basic level, you can just search for specific words or phrases and check out a list of all matching strings, or a chart display that shows the frequency of the word in five areas (spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals), or you can search for collocations. As this corpus is pretty complex and for those who have never used a corpus before possibly complicated, I recommend using the wordandphrase.info website first and I'll briefly explain how to use it. 
 
As an example, I typed in the word knowledge in the box and pressed search. What you'll then see is for instance a definiton of the word knowledge ('the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning') and below words that collocate with knowledge (eg. to acquire knowledge, to gain knowledge ...). You can also find out how often the word knowledge is used in particular areas (spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, academic). Out of a total of 54438 hits, the word knowledge is used 35257 times in academic context, and only 3607 times in spoken language. There is also an area where you' ll find synonyms of the word knowledge and probably the most important thing on the page: a chart with sentences containing the word knowledge. This chart is useful as one can at once see the words that regularly surround the words knowledge. 
 
Certainly, this was just a very brief introduction, there is much more to discover! If you need help, both websites provide Guided Tours through the site explaining the most important aspects and features. 
 
For those who wonder what writers can do with corpora, I think that Vivienne will have the answer for you in one of her next posts. In the meantime, good luck with your Corpus investigations.
Judith


By the way, as I have been talking a lot about language learning, in case you haven't come across it already: a great website for learners is the BBC Learning English portal, where you can learn and practise English:

References:
Davies, Mark. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 425 million words, 1990-present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/. 
 
Hunston, Susan: Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002. pp. 3-23.




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Have you ever felt like the scene you were reading was practically jumping off the page?

I did, especially when the text passages invoked a string of images in my mind which set the atmosphere and make the character or scene more colourful, more realistic, more tangible. A lot of that vividness is achieved by a careful choice of words which introduce an underlying theme into a paragraph or action sequence. However, in order to pick the right words to create a theme, you need to have a big pool of vocabulary at your fingertips. 

Take the following passage for example:


Scalding heat seared through her body. In a gasp, dry air blazed its way to her lungs, setting her chest on fire. Trying to escape the scorching shock of agony, Myrna started awake. Ripping open her eyes, they burned with tears as she fought to make sense of the flames consuming her.

Example by Vivienne


The theme here is fire as a representation of pain. You find different word classes working together to conjure up the image:

Nouns: heat, fire, flames
Verbs: seared, blazed, burned
Adjectives: scalding, scorching

However, it has to be noted that sometimes one or two well-placed words are enough to set the theme. This example is aimed at demonstrating the possibilities and leans toward an overdose of fire-related words. Consequently, the impression of flames consuming Marla nearly overrides their association with burning pain in the reader’s mind.

Still, I think it is very important as a writer not only to research facts, habits, cultural intricacies and character quirks, but also the vocabulary that goes with those topics or images that are closely related to the scene you would like to set. In the end, it is these associations, made through vocabulary, choice that make up a big part of an author’s style in terms of descriptive writing. The vocabulary serves to invoke a vivid image in the reader’s mind, making a scene or character more tangible and imbuing it with its own flavour.

If you want to spice up your own writing synonym dictionaries like the Thesaurus can be a great help - www.thesaurus.com. Just try yourself out and play with your words! Another interesting option is the Urban Dictionary - http://www.urbandictionary.com/ - especially if you want to experiment with a character’s voice or bring some street-flavour into your scenery descriptions. When you write in a first person perspective such vocabulary choices can go a long way in drawing the reader into your world.

I hope you have fun creating your own images and worlds. And I’m curious, what’s the most memorable image you can remember? 

-Vivienne


Photo Credit to unserkachelofen.at

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     I don’t believe that there is one right way on how you should approach writing. Like your choice in reading material, your style in writing will depend on personal preferences, habits and interests. As an artistic skill, writing is a form of personal expression which cannot be defined by a clear set of rules. However, when you are looking to present your work to an audience there are a few general points you might want to consider:
  • Correct spelling as a mark of quality
With the advent of computers correct spelling has become hardly a chore as spell-checking programs take on the bulk of your work here. If you prefer to write in a program without a spell-checking function, it is a simple matter of minutes to copy and paste your text into another program to get it checked. Correct spelling is a mark of quality which can be assessed by a glance and may decide your reader whether to peruse your text further or not.
  • Who am I addressing?
Your audience will guide you in your choice of text style and register. If you want to write an article, you will probably choose a more structured text style and a more sophisticated register compared to a blog entry for example.  In case of publishing, the age of your target readers will also be reflected in the rating placed on your written texts. Certain topics are inappropriate for certain audiences.
  • Proofreading
What would you say is the ideal number of times for proofreading a text? I would say at least two, ideally four times. Why? Because normally you can only concentrate on one or two aspects of your text while reading it again.  During my first run, I usually check for spelling and grammar. Round Number two, I use to correct personal spelling kinks – like there vs. their, pursue vs. peruse,… The third time around, I keep an eye on vocabulary and repetitions and during the fourth round I look for coherence and form. 

Care for these three aspects shows a certain degree of seriousness when it comes to producing written material. Although in certain modern lyrical endeavours exceptions even exist for correct spelling, most texts profit from a spell-check. Ultimately, your readers will decide whether they wish to consume your material or not and if you are writing merely for your own pleasure then you are free as a bird.

Ready to get started? What’s your next piece of writing going to be?

-Vivienne
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